How Did Shermans March End the Civil War

Shermans March to the Sea refers to a long stretch of devastating Union army movements during the United States Civil War. In the fall of 1864, the Union General William Tecumseh (Cump) Sherman took 60,000 men and pillaged his way through Georgias civilian farmsteads. The 360-mile march went from Atlanta in central Georgia to Savannah on the Atlantic coast and lasted from November 12–December 22. Burning Atlanta Sherman left Chattanooga in May 1864 and captured the vital railroad and supply center of Atlanta. There he out-maneuvered the Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and laid siege to Atlanta under the command of General John Bell Hood, Johnstons replacement. On September 1, 1864, Hood evacuated Atlanta and withdrew his Army of Tennessee. In early October, Hood moved north of Atlanta to destroy Shermans rail lines, invade Tennessee and Kentucky, and draw the Union Forces away from Georgia. Sherman sent two of his army corps to reinforce Federal forces in Tennessee. Eventually, Sherman left Maj. General George H. Thomas to chase Hood and returned to Atlanta to begin his march to Savannah. On the 15th of November, Sherman left Atlanta in flames and turned his army east. Progress of the March The March to the Sea had two wings: the right wing (15th and 17th corps) headed by Major General Oliver Howard was to move south towards Macon; the left wing (14th and 20th corps), headed by Major General Henry Slocum, would move on a parallel route towards Augusta. Sherman thought the Confederates would likely fortify and defend both cities, and he planned to drive his army southeast between them, destroying the Macon-Savannah Railroad along his way to occupy Savannah. The explicit plan was to cut the south in two. Several important skirmishes along the way included: Milledgeville, November 23, 1864Sandersville, November 25–26Waynesboro, November 27Louisville, November 29–30Millen, December 2, an attempt to free Union prisoners A Policy Shift The March to the Sea was successful: Sherman captured Savannah and in that process, crippled vital military resources, brought the war to the heart of the South, and demonstrated the Confederacys inability to protect its own people. It was, however, at a terrible price. Early in the war, the North had maintained a conciliatory policy towards the south, in fact, there were explicit orders to leave families enough to survive on. As a result, the rebels pushed their limits: there was a steep rise in guerrilla warfare on the part of Confederate civilians. Sherman was convinced that nothing short of total war brought to the homes of Confederate civilians could change Southern attitudes about fighting to the death. He had been considering the tactic for years. In a letter written home in 1862, he told his family that the only way to defeat the south was as he had defeated Native Americans—by destroying their villages. How Sherman’s March Ended the War Having virtually vanished from the War Department’s view during his march to Savannah, Sherman chose to cut his supply lines and ordered his men to live off the land — and people — in their path. According to Shermans special field orders of November 9, 1865, his troops were to forage liberally in the country, each brigade commander organizing a party to gather resources as needed to keep at least ten days provisions for his commands. Foragers rode off in all directions, confiscating cows, pigs, and chickens from the scattered farms. Pastures and farmland became campsites, fence rows disappeared, and the countryside was scavenged for firewood. According to Sherman’s own estimates, his armies seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle, while confiscating 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of livestock fodder. Sherman’s so-called â€Å"scorched earth policies† remain controversial, with many Southerners still detesting his memory. Even the slaves affected at the time held varying opinions of Sherman and his troops. While thousands viewed Sherman as a great liberator and followed his armies to Savannah, others complained of suffering from the Union army’s invasive tactics. According to historian Jacqueline Campbell, the slaves often felt betrayed, as they â€Å"suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops.† A Confederate officer cited by Campbell estimated that of some 10,000 slaves who trailed along with Sherman’s armies, hundreds died of â€Å"hunger, disease, or exposure,† as the Union officers took no actions to help them. Sherman’s March to the Sea devastated Georgia and the Confederacy. There were approximately 3,100 casualties of which 2,100 were Union soldiers, but the countryside took years to recover. Shermans march to the sea was followed by a similarly devastating march through the Carolinas early in 1865, but the message was clear. Southern predictions that the Union forces would become lost or decimated by hunger and guerilla attacks were proven false. Historian David J. Eicher wrote that â€Å"Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. He had defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the Souths potential and psychology to wage war.† The Civil War ended five months after Sherman marched into Savannah. Sources: Patrick JL, and Willey R. 1998. We have surely done a big work: The Diary of a Hoosier Soldier on Shermans March to the Sea. Indiana Magazine of History 94(3):214-239.Rhodes JF. 1901. Shermans March to the Sea. The American Historical Review 6(3):466-474.Schwabe E. 1985. Shermans March Through Georgia: A Reappraisal of the Right Wing. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 69(4):522-535.van Tuyll DR. 1999. Scalawags and Scoundrels? The Moral and Legal Dimensions of Shermans Last Campaigns. Studies in Popular Culture 22(2):33-45.Campbell, Jacqueline Glass, 2003.  When Sherman Marched North from the Sea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressEicher, David J.  2001. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, New York: Simon Schuster.

A Paper Dungeon My Quest Through Honors American Literature

A Paper Dungeon The sound of blades colliding echoes through the dark caverns. Monstrous shrieks of pain and deafening battle cries all combine to create the sound of the battle. A lone adventurer stands stalwart in the face of evil, parrying blows and returning with lightning speed to end even the stoutest of enemies. He continues to fight even though he is clearly outnumbered. His valiant hold of his position forges fear in the very souls of some of his opponents, but not all are so easily disheartened. The forces of darkness continued to rise against the single man, and he fought as hard as he could and it seemed he could go on forever. Suddenly he is struck from behind, and while not falling there, he is severely weakened. Severing†¦show more content†¦I could usually write the model sentences and use the instrument we were learning, but I knew not how to find such a thing. I never took it upon myself in any earlier language arts classes I took to learn what any of the sentence composin g techniques were called or how to identify them, which lead to many a stumble over parts of the packet. Overall, I did learn some new tactics to make a sentence or paragraph more interesting depending on how and where I could place my words. With another opposition defeated by my graphitic blade, I moved on to find something more challenging waiting in store. A nasty swing had landed and slashed his back, but the strength of his plate armor was not that easily overcome. He shrugged off his slight wounds and marched on deeper into the cave. The next room he was to come across, however, would not be so forgiving. A mighty orc warrior surrounded by a few undead minions prepared for combat as they heard the dying screams of their companions from up ahead. They knew a new adventurer was coming, and it was just in time to sate their never ending hunger. Grammar packets came as a rude awakening to some of the difficulty that is an advanced class. Not only did the seemingly endless packets test what I already knew and take an exceptionally large amount of time to complete, they also showed me how much I really did not

If I Should Die Before I Wake Essay Example For Students

If I Should Die Before I Wake Essay In the book if i should die before I wake, the author, Han Nolan, portraysChana to be a very strong person emotionally. Chanas strength is shownthroughout the book from losing her family one by one, to the consequencesdealing with escaping Lodz. Chana lost her father first; he was shot byNazis.(16-18) Next Chanas little sister Nadzia left the family to live withnon-Jews.(43-44) In the ghetto Zade died of old age and malnutrition.(89,90) Anna and her mother were next; they were taken to concentration camps.(137-140) Jakub was the last person she and Bubbe saw before they tried to escape from Lodz to Germany.(154-156) Chana and Bubbe escaped Lodz only to be jailed, tortured and sent to concentration camps. Only a strong willed person could mentally and emotionally endure such tragedy and horror as Chana did. Chanas character was also very caring and compassionate towardsothers. Although she was miserable in the concentration camps, she wasrespectful towards the other inmates.(220-221, Another example of this waswhen she was living in the ghetto with the Krengiels. It took all herstrength to be nice to them, and inspite of her kindness, they were hostile toChana and her family.(80-83)A noticeable trait shown in Chana as her character developedthroughout the book was her religious and spiritual self. In the beginning itwas only her grandmother, Bubbe who had total faith in God, and who triedto encourage Chana to have faith also. Chana did not believe Bubbe, shethought that God was not on her side and that he was nowhere.(34,196) Sheresented God until she looked into the eyes of her shvester and then feltashamed of her anger with God.(236) Towards the end of the book she prays to make Matel well.(253) Next she puts on a Jewish ritual ceremony to thank God officially, by the request of Matel .(254) This shows that Chanas faith in God had developed throughout the book during a time of crisis. A major problem Chana faced was survival. She dealt with thestruggle for food each day and torture and hard labor in the concentrationcamps. Chanas family dealt with the struggle for food each day by workingas hard as they could. While in the concentration camps Chana was torturedand forced to work. She couldnt just rebel because the camp officialswould harm her more. Another great conflict Chana had to deal with is the ghetto life. Shelived where it was very crowded and often needed a way out. She solvedthis problem by hiding in a hole of the roof of the House of Culture andlistening to music. She often thought of escaping and running away andsuggested to her family that they should hide in the House of Culture, butBubbe decided to take Jakubs advice and get fake papers and go toGermany. If I was faced with Chanas problems I wouldve done some things thesame as she did, but some different. Regarding the struggle for food, Iwouldve brought things that are very valuable and rare like coffee andcigarettes to trade for food. If worse came to worse, I would have sold theviolin for food. With the problem of survival in the Concentration camp, Iwouldve tried to make friends with alot of people in the concentration campbecause like Dvora, if one of them became an assistant to someone important, they could have pull into putting me somewhere else where the work and torture are less. If I had to make the decision whether to run away from the ghetto life, I wouldve done the same as Chana and Bubbe, but I wouldve hid while in public places so I wouldnt be as noticeable to people. Overall Chana made good decisions considering the atmosphere she was living in most the time.

The Trojan Women Essay Example For Students

The Trojan Women Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. i. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1920. HECUBA: Forbear, ye virgins; what was pleasing once Pleases no more: here let me lie thus falln, A fall that suits what I have suffered, what I suffer, and shall suffer. O ye gods, Unkind associates I indeed invoke, Yet when affliction rends the anguished heart, We with becoming grace invoke the gods First it is pleasing to me to recount My happier fortunes: thus my woes shall raise A stronger pity. Royal was my birth, And marriage joined me to a royal house; There I was mother of illustrious sons, Sons with superior excellence adorned Above the Phrygians; such no Trojan dame, No Grecian, no Barbarian eer could boast; These I saw falln beneath the Grecian spear, And laid my several tresses on their tomb. For Priam too, their father, flowed my tears; His fate I heard not from report, but saw it, These eyes beheld him murdered at the altar Of Guardian Jove; my vanquished city stormed; My daughters, whom I nurtured high in hope Of choosing honourable nuptials for them, For others nurtured from my hands are rent; There is no hope that me they eer shall see, And I shall never see them more. Th extreme, The height of my afflicting ill is this: I to some house shall go a hoary slave, To some base task, most irksome to my age, Assigned; or at their doors to keep the keys A portress shall I wait, the mother once Of Hector, or to labour at the mill; For royal couches, on the ground to make My rugged bed; and oer these worn-out limbs The tattered remnant of a worn-out robe, Unseemly to my happier state, to throw. Ah, for one womans nuptial bed, what woes Are mine, and will be mine! Alas, my child, My poor Cassandra, maddning with the gods, By what misfortunes is thy purity Defiled? And where art thou, Polyxena, O thou unhappy! Thus of all my sons And all my daughters, many though they were, Not one is left to soothe my miseries. Why do you raise me, virgins? With what hope Lead you this foot, which once with stately port In Troy advanced, but now a slave, to seek A bed of leaves strewn on the ground, a stone My pillow, there to lie, to perish there Wasted with tears? Then deem not of the great Now flourishing as happy, ere they die. We will write a custom essay on The Trojan Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Well-Written Essay About Yourself

Well-Written Essay About Yourself Essay about yourself It is very important to produce a great essay about yourself no matter the purpose of writing and your educational level. When preparing this work, students may face some difficulties. It is sometimes very hard to understand what to focus on when writing it. How to Write an Essay About Yourself Appropriately? Follow the Instructions Provided BelowKey point of the paperIt is obvious that essays about yourself should present your personality efficiently. This very fact confuses students. Therefore, it is complicated to formulate the points you are going to cover. For this reason, you should pose a specific question and discuss it in the best way. In case you get the topic from your professor, you should try to cover it completely. Do not be afraid to put forward creative ideas. Besides, you may browse the Internet and find a handy essay about yourself. It will help you understand what to concentrate on.Describe your experienceIn order to understand how to start an essay about yourself, think about your life. Surely, it is full of memorable events, precious moments, and difficult situations. They are: birthday parties, graduation, exams, etc. All of them help you gain valuable experience. Nevertheless, you should select an extraordinary top ic and examine it. Thus, readers will be impressed with your work.Put original ideasWhen writing an essay about yourself, you should not discuss boring issues. Try to explore something unusual. Therefore, your paper will differ greatly from the works of other students. Writing about Yourself Essays Is a Perfect Opportunity to Introduce Yourself Without any doubts, about yourself essays reveal the student`s personality much better than the book reviews, PowerPoint presentations, and research papers. The best essays about yourself talk about the honesty, gratitude, the strength of character, free will, perseverance, and many other characteristics. In its essence, a personal essay is a wonderful opportunity for the student to introduce him/herself without the fear of sounding too selfish. When the college admission officers read your essay, they should think What an interesting and creative person! Such an essay will help them learn more about your personality and decide if you fit their educational institution. Start the writing process by thinking about your strengths. Consider answering the questions: What makes me different from others? What my friends and family can say about me? Do I have the leadership skills? Am I passionate about anything? By answering these questions, you will be able to create an interesting topic that will enable you to introduce yourself from different perspectives. After the brainstorming process, start writing your rough draft. Begin with the few introductory sentences that will catch the reader`s attention. For this purpose, your introduction should have some hook that will make your essay interesting to your audience. It may be some thought-provoking idea or appropriate joke. Then, organize your thoughts into the logical flow. Your writing should be clear and coherent and should not have any logical gaps. If you hesitate if you have managed to write a good essay, feel free to ask some of your friends to read it and point out to its inconsistencies. Do not be afraid of criticism since it is always a way to progress. You should know that storytelling is one of the oldest forms of transferring information from one person to another. You may find a lot of essays about yourself on the web. Undoubtedly, you may use them for gaining some writing inspiration and for understanding the proper essay organization. However, you should never plagiarize from free essays about yourself since cheating will lead to terrible consequences. Do not even try to complete this assignment on the last day. Indeed, time-management is the inevitable skill that can be very helpful in completing this assignment. At, we understand all your fears and hesitations. Therefore, we have developed a perfect writing workshop helping an average student become more proficient in writing about yourself essays. Our workshop provides the despaired students with the essential instruments for creating perfect about yourself essays.Essay About Yourself I am a thirty eight year old single mother of one, applying for a scholarship to fund my studies in information technology. I am deeply interested in the information technology field. My interest in computers started 18 years ago when I started a small sales company. We did everything manually for the first three years. Then I purchased a computer, taught myself how to use it, and three months later, I designed a database to use for my unique business. Ive been in love with computers since that time and currently, I sell my database programs to other in the same line of business as my company. Designing websites and databases has since become my hobbies. All the computer expertise that I have is self taught and I believe that if I further my studies in this field, I can make the best out of my interest in computers. There is much I need to learn for me to excel in this field and that is why am interested in going back to school at this age because further studies will open me to the expansive world of computers. My desire to learn and my life long goals will help me to excel in my studies. My objective is to start an Information Technology business upon completion of my studies. As a single mother of one taking care of an ailing mother, I cannot afford to foot my college fees given that my business went down two years ago and I make a living out of the part time office administration job I got recently. This scholarship will help me to buy IT equipment that I need for my course. It will also help me in purchase of books and other school implements. I hereby apply for a scholarship, hoping that my application will be considered.See also another of essay about yourself

Hyphenating Phrases

Hyphenating Phrases Hyphenating Phrases Hyphenating Phrases By Mark Nichol When should phrases of more than two words be hyphenated, and when should the constituent words stand on their own? The following sentences, and the discussions and revisions that follow each, illustrate the rules pertaining to hyphenation of phrases. 1. The researchers highlighted the follow the herd mentality the students exhibited. Because the phrase â€Å"follow the herd† constitutes one idea modifying the word mentality- and precedes the noun- the phrase should be hyphenated: â€Å"The researchers highlighted the follow-the-herd mentality the students exhibited.† (In the following sentence, â€Å"follow the herd† does not modify anything- it’s simply a verb phrase- so hyphens are not called for: â€Å"The students appeared to follow the herd in their everyday behavior.†) 2. The committee thoroughly reviewed the potential conflicts-of-interest before making a decision. Here, a phrase is hyphenated unnecessarily. â€Å"Conflicts of interest† is simply a noun phrase; it does not collectively modify anything, so no linking of the words is necessary: â€Å"The committee thoroughly reviewed the potential conflicts of interest before making a decision.† (If the phrase modified, and preceded, a noun- with a slight change to singular form for the first word- hyphenation would be correct, as in, â€Å"The conflict-of-interest implications are troublesome.†) 3. The agency’s structure violates the constitutional separation of powers doctrine. Here, a noun phrase in the â€Å"(blank) of (blank)† form serves to modify a noun, thus transforming to a phrasal adjective. Because the three words combine to form an idea and precede the noun they refer to, they should be hyphenated: â€Å"The agency’s structure violates the constitutional separation-of-powers doctrine.† (Constitutional modifies but is not part of the modifying phrase, so it is not attached.) 4. Her manager was none-too-pleased to see her arriving late for the second time in one week. This idiomatic phrase represents a single idea, but because it does not immediately precede the noun it applies to, hyphenation is not appropriate: â€Å"Her manager was none too pleased to see her arriving late for the second time in one week.† (However, it should be hyphenated in a sentence such as â€Å"Her none-too-pleased manager watched her arrive late for the second time in one week,† because the phrase â€Å"none too pleased† precedes the noun it modifies.) 5. We apparently will be informed on a need to know basis. Here, â€Å"need to know,† which, if it were to stand alone (as in â€Å"You don’t need to know†), would not require hyphens, merits them because the words together describe the type of basis in question, so the phrase serves as a phrasal adjective: â€Å"We apparently will be informed on a need-to-know basis.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t†

Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity - Research Paper Example Shami sought to dye his hair but found out that all hair dyes were all ammonia based, a compound he was allergic to according to his doctor. This spurred Shami to set out at inventing the first ammonia free hair dye in the world named Magento, which effectively launched his business career. In the year 1986, Farouk Shami started his Spa and hair care products company called Farouk Systems based in Houston, Texas. This company, over the years, has introduced numerous hair care products in the cosmetics industry, which has seen his business venture and innovations lead to flourishing and profitable business career. Farouk Systems Inc. is a manufacturer of professional spa hair care products that offer lighteners, colors, styling products, hand, body washes, and lotions and tools like dryers, irons and brushes (Miller, Vandome & John, 2011). According to Pederson (2009), Farouk Systems’ SPA products include lacquers, fragrances, top coats, ceramic base, ceramic base coats, coat b inders, and cuticle oils. The company also provides services in ceramic instant drying drops, conditioners, chemically treated kits, shampoo ionic protectors, ceramic ridge fillers and nail tools and accessories. Farouk Systems also offers buffer file and block, crystal nail files and in addition, they offer infra highlight color, blondest blonde, ionic permanent color and auto digital wet among others. Farouk Systems Inc. is a private company that was founded on principles aimed at promoting safer workplace environments, a principle that embodied by the company’s motto; Environment, Education & Ethics. This was to be achieved by providing the hair care industry with safer hair care products free from harsh chemicals (Herman & Smith, 2009). Advanced knowledge through education was to be the foundation of this objective, and new professional systems that could be replicated at home. Farouk Systems is comprised of 1,500 professional hairdressers spread in over 60 countries in t he world (Rosenbloom, 2011). Farouk Systems Inc. entrepreneurial intentions are driven by the need to promote the creation of safer working environments in the hair care industry. This contributes to the consistent drive in innovation of chemical free hair care products using natural dyes from plant and animal extracts (Pederson, 2009). These intentions were achieved through Farouk Shami’s resilience in research aimed at developing alternative hair care products that were much safer than what the current provided. Farouk Systems’ consistency in innovation has propelled the company’s entrepreneurial intentions to a leading market position in the industry. The company’s strongest traits are characterized, by market research, to provide the best and current knowledge on trends, consumer demand and preferences. Strong leadership is a key factor to Farouk Systems’ success in an industry that is characterized by stiff competition and the influx of new pr oducts in the market. The emphasis and focus on the development of high quality products is an entrepreneurial trait that has helped the company maintain its market appeal and demand. An example of this is the introduction of the Chi Straightening Iron that is made of pure ceramic raw material making it deliver superior results compared to other products in the market (Herman & Smith, 2009). The quality results produced by this product are attributed to consumers’ willingness to buy it at higher prices than other similar products in

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - Article Example Oil-burning automobiles and other forms of transportation vehicles are the primary source of air pollution, creating about 60% of the CO2 in the air (California Air Resources Board).   In addition to CO2, these vehicles also emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration).   All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process.   The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller).   As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air.   These warmer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas.   Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase.... All of these chemicals function as filters that trap the heat energy from the sun within the planet's atmosphere and cause the earth's temperature to rise on a global scale. But it isn't just the air that is affected by greenhouse gases causing climate change - the oceans are affected as well, contributing to changes in our weather patterns. The ocean acts as a natural filter for CO2 and other naturally-occurring atmospheric gases. Unfortunately, the naturally occurring levels have long been outweighed by human activity, overwhelming the natural system's balance and ability to process. The oceans, which have been the earth’s natural filter, are now being forced to continually absorb higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than they naturally can handle (Miller). As the water warms with the rising air temperatures and with its own collection of greenhouse gases, it becomes less capable of absorbing greenhouse gases, leaving them in even higher quantities in the air. These war mer waters also have the effect of helping the ice caps melt, leading to rising water levels and warmer seas. Additionally, increased air and water temperatures will increase the atmospheric water vapor through evaporation. This means the resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher and in different places than it has been in recorded history. Cloud compositions will change which will further amplify the greenhouse effect (Miller). This also leads to greater numbers of violent hurricanes and tropical storms. While rising sea levels may not seem all that bad, the effects of more powerful tidal forces and encroaching water can be devastating. â€Å"The tide comes and goes like clockwork, but if we continue to watch and

Essays on Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard Essay Example for Free

Essays on Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard Essay At first filled with shame, his officious father soon realizes just how profitable his son’s supposed spirituality can be. His mother, meanwhile, finds in the orchard relief from traditional Indian family life and middle-class respectability by devoting herself to creating increasingly exotic curries. All goes well until the local monkeys start to drink. Plans to rid the orchard of their unwanted hullabaloo multiply and eventually go completely awry, but not before Sampath is released from the endless cycle of demands. Transformed into a guava, he is last seen being carried towards the sacred Himalayas by the hungry monkeys. This story, by the daughter of novelist Anita Desai, works best when the pacing is as fast as the author’s touch is light, as it surely is in the final thirty or so pages. When it drags, stylistic tics become annoyingly apparent, the narrative too slender to support even a novel this short, and this talented author’s indebtedness to other writers, from Narayan and Salman Rushdie to Italo Calvino, Jerzy Kosinski and Gabriel Garcia Marquez the sign not of postmodern play but of youthful derivativeness.

Gene Therapy and Its Effect on Cancer Essay -- Science Genetics Techno

Gene Therapy and Its Effect on Cancer The era of scientific advancement in the twentieth century has encouraged several scientific fields to merge into a new, futuristic science called Biotechnology. One idea behind Biotechnical science is taking advantage of molecular biology. At the forefront of this advancement is gene therapy which " attempts to treat disease at its origin on the molecular level"(Kreeger,1996). "Essentially, this therapy deliberately introduces genes into the human cells to compensate for aberrant genes that cause genetic disease" (Beese, 1996). This therapy can be administered in two ways. One is germ-line therapy which not only treats the cells of that individual but these treated cells could be passed onto the individual's offspring. This type is the focus of much of the opposition of gene therapy itself because trials take many years and few results have proved conclusively safe for those treated and their children. The other type of therapy less opposed is the somatic cell approach that only aff ects the cells of the individual being treated. Cancer has recently been the target for several different types of somatic cell therapy and along with them come a set of controversial aspects that question its role in society. Cancer is an ever- increasing disease that affects all ages, sex and race. It has no preference for where it resides as it can be found in several organs and on several different tissues. However, one special similarity appears whether the cancer is found on the breast or in the colon; it is an over growth of cells in the area infected. The cancer seem to arise from abnormalities in genes involved in growth and differentiation of cells. Certainly, environmental factors can indeed c... ....jp/~macer/Papers/PLSUBG.html March of Dimes. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy. Obtained from WWW 9/9/96: http://noah.cuny.edu/pregnancy/march_of_dimes/genetics/genetest.html National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy. Obtained from WWW 9/9/96: gopher://gopher.nih.gov:70/00/clin/cancernet/facts/therapy/Immunotherapy%20and%20Gene%20Therapy%20of%20Cancer National Medical Center. Gene Therapy. Obtained from WWW 10/4/96: http://www.cityofhope.org/frames/genetr.htm Scientist,the. Pioneer James Wilson Reflects. Obtained from WWW 9/9/96: http://www.the-scientist.library.upenn.edu/yr1996/jan/gene_960122.html Singer, M. The RAS Gene and Cancer. Obatained from WWW 10/14/96: http://www.gene.com/ae/AB/IWT/Ras_Gene_and_Cancer.html Wanke, I. Gene Therapy for Diabetes. Obtained from WWW 9/9/96: http://www.worldweb.com/ahfmr/may/diabetes.html

Understanding Marketing and Marketing Process

Understanding Marketing and Marketing Process Marketing Is the organizational function charged with defining customer targets and the best way to satisfy needs and wants competitively and profitably. Since consumers and business as buyers face an abundance of suppliers seeking to satisfy their every need, companies and nope FLT organizations cannot survive today by simply doing a good job. They must do an excellent Job if they are to remain in the increasingly competitive global marketplace.Many studies have demonstrated that the key to profitable performance is to know and satisfy target customers with imitatively superior offers. This process takes place today in an increasingly global, technical, and competitive environment. The Marketing Process The marketing process is the process of analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, developing the marketing mix, and managing the marketing effort. Target customers stand at the center of the marketing process. There are fo llowing steps in Marketing Process: l.Analyzing marketing opportunities II. Selecting target markets Ill. Developing the marketing Mix IV. Managing the marketing effort l. Analyzing marketing opportunities First step of the marketing process is analyzing market opportunities and availing these opportunities to satisfy the customer's requirements to have competitive advantage. The marketing function of analyzing market opportunities is important in the marketing planning process. Any marketing manager must analyses the long-run opportunities In the market to improve the business unit's performance.To evaluate its opportunities firms needs to operate a reliable marketing Information system. Marketing research is an indispensable marketing tool for this purpose. Researching the market allows the company to gather intimation about their customers, compete y environmental changes to determine the market opportunities. II. Selecting the target Market: To succeed in today's competitive mar ketplace, companies must be customer centered. They must titers and an win customers from competitors and keep them by delivering greater value. Ђ Sound marketing requires a careful, deliberate analysis of consumers. Since companies cannot satisfy all consumers in a given market, they must divide up the total market (market segmentation), choose the best segments (market targeting), and sign strategies for profitably serving chosen segments better than the competition (market positioning). Ill. Developing the Marketing Mix Once the company has decided on its overall competitive marketing strategy, it is ready to begin planning the details of the marketing mix.The marketing mix is the set of control lovable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The marketing mix consists of everything that the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. These variables are often referred to as the â€Å"four AS. † 1). Produ ct stands for the â€Å"goods-and- Irvine† combination the company offers to the target market. 2). Price stands for the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product 3). Place stands for company activities that make the product available to target cons mummers. ). Promotion stands for activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target consumers to buy it. An effective marketing program blends all of the marketing mix elements into a coordinated program designed to achieve the company's marketing objectives by delivering value to consumers. Some critics feel that the four As omit or underestimate certain important activities. 1. â€Å"Where are services? † they ask. 2). â€Å"Where is packaging? † 3). The 4 As seems to take the seller's view rather than the buyer's view. 4).Perhaps a better classification would be the 4 CSS: a). Product = Customer Solution. B). Price = Customer Cost. C). Place = Convenience. D). Promotion = C ommunication ‘V. Managing the Marketing Effort The company wants to design and put into action the marketing mix that will best achieve its objectives in target markets. This involves four marketing management functions. The four functions are: analysis, planning, implementation, and control a. Marketing Analysis: Marketing analysis involves a complete analysis to the company's situation.The company performs analysis by Identifying environmental opportunities and threats. Analyzing company strengths and weaknesses to determine which opportunities the company can best pursue. Feeding information and other inputs to each of the other marketing management functions b. Marketing Planning: Within each business unit, functional plans must be prepared, including marketing Pl mans. Such plans include marketing plans which are aggregate plans consisting of plans for product lines, brands and markets.Marketing planning involves deciding on marketing strategies that will help the company to attain its overall strategic objectives. A detailed plan is needed for each business, product, or brand. A product or brand plan should contain the following sections :executive summary, current marketing situation ,threats and opportunity analysis, objectives and issues , marketing strategies, action programs, budgets, and controls. C. Marketing Implementation: Marketing Implementation is the process that turns marketing plans into marketing a actions in order to accomplish strategic marketing objectives.Whereas marketing planning addresses the and â€Å"why† of marketing activities, implementation addresses the â€Å"who†, â€Å"where†, â€Å"when†, and â€Å"how†. One firm can have essentially the same strategy as another, yet win in the market- place through faster or better execution. Successful implementation depends on an action program that pulls all of the people and activities together and forms sound formal organizational structure i ts decision and reward structure (HARM functions and procedures) and the firm's marketing strata shies fitting with its company culture (the shared system of values and beliefs). Marketing Control Marketing control is the process of measuring and evaluating the results of marketing strategies and plans, and taking corrective action to ensure the marketing objectives are attained. 4 Marketing Opportunities 1 . Market Penetration Market penetration meaner trying to increase sales of an organization's existing products or services in its existing markets. This can be accomplished by strengthening current customer relationships to increase their rate of product/ service utilization or trying to attract competitor customers or current non-users. . Market Development Market development meaner trying to increase sales of an organization's current products or services in new markets. Market development may also involve identifying new uses for an existing product or service. 3 Product Devel opment Product development meaner offering new or improved products or services in an organization's existing markets. 4. Diversification Diversification meaner moving into entirely different lines of business—-unfamiliar products, services or markets. All organizations must find new attractive marketing opportunities to grow.But the challenge lies in determining which marketing opportunity offers the most long-term success. Strategic Marketing Services is available to help your organization through this basic marketing opportunity assessment and any other relevant market research activities specific to one of the four marketing growth strategies. Contact us to talk with one of our experienced project managers about your organization's unique marketing opportunity. Develop a marketing strategy Effective marketing starts with a considered, well-informed marketing strategy.A DOD marketing strategy helps you define your vision, mission and business goals, and outlines the steps you need to take to achieve these goals. A marketing strategy sets the overall direction and goals for your marketing, and is therefore different from a marketing plan, which outlines the specific actions you will take to implement your marketing strategy. Your marketing strategy could be developed for the next few years, while your marketing plan usually describes tactics to be achieved in the current year.Write a successful marketing strategy 1. Identify your business goals To develop your marketing strategy, identify your overarching business goals, so that you can then define a set of marketing goals to support them. 2. State your marketing goals Define a set of specific marketing goals based on the business goals you listed above. These goals will motivate you and your team and help you benchmark your success. Make sure your overall strategies are also practical and measurable.A good marketing strategy will not be changed every year, but revised when your strategies have been a chieved or your marketing goals have been met. Also, you may need to amend your strategy if your external market changes due to a new competitor or new technology, or if your products substantially change. 3. Research your market Research is an essential part of your marketing strategy. You need to gather information about your market, such as its size, growth, social trends and demographics (population statistics such as age, gender and family type).It is important to keep an eye on your market so you are aware to any changes over time so your strategy remains relevant and targeted. 4. Profile your potential customers Use your market research to develop a profile of the customers you are targeting and identify their needs. The profile will reveal their buying patterns, including how they buy, where they buy and what they buy. Again, regularly review trends so you don't miss out on new opportunities or become irrelevant with your marketing message.While you try to find new customers , make sure your marketing strategy also allows you to maintain relationships with your existing customers. 5. Profile your competitors Similarly, as part of your marketing strategy you should develop a profile of your competitors by identifying their products, supply chains, pricing and marketing tactics. Use this to identify your competitive advantage – what sets your business apart from your competitors. You may also want to identify the strengths and nakedness of your own internal processes to help improve your performance compared with your competition. . Develop strategies to support your marketing goals List your target markets and devise a set of strategies to attract and retain them. An example goal could be to increase young people's awareness of your products. Your corresponding strategies could be to increase your online social media presence by posting regular updates about your product on Twitter and Faceable; advertising in local magazines targeted to young peo ple; and offering discounts for students. 7. Use the ‘5 As of marketing' Identify your tactical marketing mix using the 5 As of marketing.If you can choose the right combination of marketing across product, price, promotion, place and people, your marketing strategy is more likely to be a success. 8. Test your ideas In deciding your tactics, do some online research, test some ideas and approaches on your customers and your staff, and review what works. You will need to choose a number of tactics in order to meet your customers' needs, reach the customers within your target market and improve your sales results.

British Imperialism Essay

Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values. Colonial exploration in the mid to late 1700s led to stressful times for some countries. Great Britain was one of them. Their American colonies caused them much grief as they tried to take over their society. The British imperial policies towards its colonies made resistance higher to British rule and their commitment to republican values. The British imperial polices were too strict and caused difficulties within American colonies. The British caused more than enough problems with their colonies to start a controversy. They used mercantilism to try and take permanent control over the colonies. The colonies were to only buy from the British and sell to the British. They also wanted to regulate their imports and exports perfectly so they would import less than exporting to make them look like a high economically successful country. Which they were, but they fixed it to make them look like the superpower of Europe. Another idea they imposed onto the Americans was the dreaded Stamp Act. The colonies didn’t take the act well. They were forced to use stamps on every piece of paper they would use. They also had to buy these stamps from the British only. The taxes were steep and on unnecessary items to the knowledge of the colonies. The colonials knew that these acts were unfair and cruel. They didn’t know how to handle it at the time. Another act that was out of line was the Townshend tea tax. The coloni es became addicted to tea due to the caffeine. It was highly valuable to them. The British then put a lump sum tax on the tea that was being imported to the Americas. The colonies didn’t understand why the British needed so much money. The British then went over the line with the Boston Port Act. This act basically took away all of the colonials’ rights. The colonists called the act, the Intolerable Act, because the British went too far. To top off the colonial anger, the British enforced a new act called the Quartering Act. The act stated that any colonial was to take in British soldiers into their house, feed them and give them quartering. However, the  colonies then began to retaliate against the British. The colonies knew the British had gone too far. The first act they took was known as the Boston Tea Party. On December 16, 1773, Bostonians dressed up as Indians and boarded docked ships, smashed up 342 cases of tea and dumped it all into the Atlantic Ocean. The British then put the Intolerable Act on the colonists. That only gave them another reason to fight back. The unity of the colonists finally formed after the Intolerable Act. Flags were flew half-mast throughout all the colonies and food was sent to Boston all the way from South Carolina. The colonies then formed the Continental Congress, uniting all but Georgia participating. Fifty-five delegates were represented in the meeting to talk about what they had to do. The First Continental Congress met for seven weeks where they produced the Declaration of Rights. Parliament rejected all petitions made by the Congress. The British didn’t want this to go on any longer. They sent troops into Lexington and Concord where the ter rorized the American defense, which was weak and unorganized. The British started a war. The people that were back in Great Britain were rooting for the Americans to gain independence so maybe the British would then realize what they were doing to their own country. The British ruined their colonies and themselves also. The colonies finally were able to break the seal to the road to independence. They knew that the British weren’t running their country very well. They wanted change and unheard of things to happen. The events that happened during the imperial policies of the British turned into a revolution, where the Americans eventually gained their freedom. The British were finally defeated for the first time. If the British never were so harsh to the colonies, the colonies wouldn’t ever have a reason to be resistant to British rule and there would be no independence. Colonialism was a stressful time indeed, but a huge mark on history.

Her

Her A weight falls heavily upon her A steady pull inside her brain In one room she seeks love and understanding in another she purges the guilt and the pain her guilt never leaves the pain only deepens her life is a wild rotation from one room to the other Locked in a constant circle of torment a game of chess she cannot win she stands up, throat on fire, head spinningm heart pounding begging for an end, any end, to this hell she gazes into the mirror wiping her mouth wondering who she has become a drawn and pale facedull expressionless eyes she runs her hands through her hair hoping it will quiet the screams in her head but it doesnt and tomorrow the game will start all over againBoard game collection

A Guide to Similes vs. Metaphors - Freewrite Store

A Guide to Similes vs. Metaphors - Freewrite Store A picture is worth a thousand words. It’s an old saying that means you can convey a lot of information with a single image.  As a writer, you generally don’t have the benefit of imagery to go along with your words, so instead, you need to find simple and effective ways to paint vivid mental pictures for your readers. Ideally, you want your writing to be richly descriptive without using long-winded explanations. One way to do this is with the use of similes and metaphors. Both are ways of describing something by comparing it to something else, but there’s one subtle difference: A simile is when you say something is like something else. A metaphor is when you say something is something else. The best way to understand each method is to examine some examples. Similes â€Å"All at once he sprang into jerky agitation, like one of those flat wooden figures that are worked by a string.† (from Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad) Remember those toys? Their limbs had joints at the shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. One pull on the string dangling down from their back would cause their arms and legs to fly in all directions. By applying this mental image to a human body, you can clearly picture the action that Joseph Conrad was describing. â€Å"By this time Scarlett was boiling, ready to rear like a horse at the touch of a strange rough hand on its bridle.† (from Gone With The Wind by Margaret Mitchell) Margaret Mitchell could have said â€Å"Scarlett was very angry,† but by comparing her to an easily-startled horse, she has conveyed the explosive nature of the emotion simmering just under the surface, ready to burst out at the slightest provocation. â€Å"The guinea pigs, awake and nibbling, were making a sound like that of a wet cloth rubbed on glass in window-cleaning.† (from Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis) Anyone who has cleaned a window knows the distinctive noise that comes from the friction of a damp cloth on the glass. This quirky simile makes the sentence much more interesting than if Sinclair Lewis had merely said the guinea pigs were squeaking. â€Å"I had no choice but to hobble like an off-balance giraffe on my one flat, one four-inch heel arrangement.† (from The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger) The use of a giraffe in this simile is perfect because it’s so easy to picture its long, gangly legs, and the way that a baby giraffe struggles to control its limbs when it first gets up after being born. As you can see from these examples, the object that the writer uses as a comparison is something that is easily identifiable to the reader, and that creates a distinct mental image, engaging the reader’s memory and imagination. Metaphors â€Å"Life is a highway.† (from the song by Tom Cochrane)â€Å"Life is a rollercoaster.† (from the song by Ronan Keating) Obviously, life is not actually a highway or a rollercoaster, but both these metaphors convey the fact that life is a long, twisting journey that has highs and lows. Both highways and rollercoasters conjure up images of adventure, excitement, fear, elation, beginnings and destinations. They’re both something that you travel on, and they present you with diverse experiences along the way. For comparison, the movie Forrest Gump contains the famous simile, â€Å"life is like a box of chocolates.† â€Å"Love is a snowmobile racing across the tundra, and then suddenly it flips over, pinning you underneath.† (from Matt Groening, The Big Book of Hell) While comparing love to a snowmobile crash might seem an unusual metaphor, it’s an effective one. It’s suggesting the rush and the exhilaration as you speed across the snow is much like the joyous out-of-control feeling when you fall head over heels for someone. Then, before you know it, the shock of commitment hits and suddenly you feel trapped. â€Å"Mr. Neck storms into class, a bull chasing thirty-three red flags." (from Speak by Laurie Anderson) While Mr. Neck isn’t really a bull, the imagery of him acting like one is highly evocative – wild eyes, flaring nostrils, huffing and puffing, each of his thirty-three students a red flag causing his rage. â€Å"‘Life,’ wrote a friend of mine, ‘is a public performance on the violin, in which you must learn the instrument as you go along.’† (from A Room with a View by E.M. Forster) If you’ve ever listened to a novice violinist, you’re probably familiar with the painful screeching noise that often accompanies their early attempts at music. The violin is notoriously hard to learn and can take many years to master, but the results can be glorious if you put enough work in, which makes it an excellent metaphor for life. â€Å"What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!† (from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare) No, Juliet is not a flaming ball of gas. The sun definitely is – but it’s much more than that. It’s the source of all life. It provides solar energy to feed plants which in turn feed other creatures and create oxygen. It governs the water cycle in our atmosphere. Without the sun, we’d cease to exist. And that’s how Romeo feels about Juliet. She is everything to him, and he cannot survive without her. William Shakespeare could have used a simile and said that Juliet was like the sun, suggesting she was radiant and beautiful, but that would have been much less powerful. How to use similes and metaphors Sophie opened the back door and stepped into the garden. It was hot and humid. Now, let’s use a simile and a metaphor to describe the same event. Simile: Sophie opened the back door and stepped into the garden. It was like walking into a sauna. Metaphor: Sophie opened the back door and stepped outside. The garden was a sauna. Either method works well and is more interesting than just stating it was hot and humid. The simile and metaphor both encourage the reader to recall the feeling of entering a sauna – the oppressive, close, muggy heat that makes sweat trickle down your back without evaporating. When you’re using similes and metaphors, there are a few things you need to avoid: 1. Awkward Comparisons If you say, â€Å"the smell hit me like falling rock†, it sounds awkward because a smell is not a physical object, and because smells don’t drop from the sky. 2. Overused Cliches A lot of similes and metaphors are clichà ©s, and these should be used very sparingly. A few examples: Dead as a dodo Stubborn as a bull Quiet as a mouse Raining cats and dogs The calm before the storm 3. Mixed metaphors A mixed metaphor is where you combine two or more incompatible metaphors, often with ridiculous results. â€Å"Sir, I smell a rat; I see him forming in the air and darkening the sky, but I'll nip him in the bud.† (attributed to Sir Boyle Roche) â€Å"Yes, you just like to play the cool Will Truman while I'm all the intense crazy one. Well, once the bowling shoe is on the other foot, look who's the good cop and look who's the bad cop.† (Grace Adler from Will Grace) â€Å"'I don't like it. When you open that Pandora's box, you will find it full of Trojan horses.† (Ernest Bevin, Labour Foreign Secretary) 4. Overuse Like all good things, similes and metaphors should be used in moderation. If you’re using several per paragraph, that’s probably too many. Use them conservatively for maximum effect. That's everything you need to know about when to use metaphors vs. similes in your writing.   Do you have a metaphor or simile that you are particularly proud of?   Let us know in the comments below!         About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and  specialises  in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

To what extend the online shopping effected the UK economy and what Essay

To what extend the online shopping effected the UK economy and what does it mean for future businesses in the UK - Essay Example Useful statistics will be cited in the presentation to paint a proper picture of the UK online shopping industry. Started 20 years ago, online shopping has vigorously picked up in the UK with the latest research by UK retailer Shop Direct revealing that one in every four people in the UK prefers online shopping as opposed to making physical store visits. The research further revealed that 95% of British people now buy goods through internet retailers. So what are the reasons for this shift in 20 years on? According to Wallop (2013), the following come out as reasons why most Brits prefer online shopping: They have the ability to search and locate the specific good or service they want- From the comfort of their living rooms, buyers can get the specifics of what they want without having to walk into multiple stores. This makes it easier to make a decision and compare among the many available options which good or service suits a consumer. Online shopping is extremely convenient: With retailer websites available all day and night and the efficient delivery systems within the UK, customers enjoy the convenience of being able to shop from any location and at any time of the day or night. This flexibility has significantly contributed to the growth of this mode of buying goods and services. The elimination of crowds and queues: Online shoppers forego the trouble of vesting physical stores that have the disadvantage of being crowded especially during peak shopping seasons. This has made it the most preferred mode of purchase, something that justifies the high statistical findings of UK populace choosing the option. Ability to easily compare prices and see reviews: Before an online shopper settles on a product, they have the advantage of comparing at the click of a button, similar goods from competitor companies and looking at past customer experiences with the goods/service of interest. This helps in properly informing the buyer on the best among the

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 43

Nursing research - Essay Example However, human beings life should not be risked while trying to achieve the overall objective of patients’ safety. The world continues to experience changes in different aspects that impact provision of quality care. In this case, the aspects of technology, medication, equipment, and changes in the units’ scope of services are evolving at a high rate. In effect, these changes require nurses to ensure that they were accustomed to these changes and updated their competencies in line with these changes that brought new interventions to provision of quality care. Importantly, nursing education institutions realize the effects of these changes in provision of care and provide opportunities for nurses to update their educational competencies. In effect, it is crucial for nurses to update their educational competencies either yearly or every six months while in-service in order to stay up-date with the current technology, medication, equipment, or changes in the units scope of services. In effect, they will be able to provide quality care to their

Contingency Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contingency Theory - Research Paper Example Science is a process of inquiry and is an organized body of knowledge, and so contingency theory is a science because it involves the two. Accordingly, contingency theory can as well be categorized technology, and technology refers to activities developed by individuals to satisfy their needs. Contingency theory is a body of knowledge and knowledge acquired can be applied in various organizations to change to a more efficient processes. Literally, humans develop organizations and so the application of contingency theory helps to satisfy their needs (Betts, 2011). This article clearly explains how the operation and performance of an organization and the environment in which it operates relates. More so, it provides a clear elaboration of contingency theory as a science and technology. However, some of the weaknesses that have been identified in this article is that the causation that is assumed has not been explained in a more convincing manner. According to contingency theorists, the re is an association between the environmental conditions and organizational design and this was assumed the best fit. However, this assumption has not been well elaborated and it does not put into consideration other factors that related to organization’s performance (Betts, 2011). ... nce of that particular organization, for instance, organization’s performance is associated with the internal operational effectiveness and support from external forces. More so, the strategy of Information Technology (IT) in an organization is supposed to be aligned with its business strategy since the performance of a business is promoted by effective alignment between the organization’s competitive strategy and technologies that it uses (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). Arguably, the study of competencies alignment and organization’s performance is conducted based on the contingency theory. This article thoughtfully describes IT competencies alignment and organizational performance. It proposes that contingency theory covers other issues such as the organization’s competencies and strategic orientation and explains how they affect the performance of business (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). On the other hand, this article does not provide useful and convincing e xplanation of the underlying assumptions, for instance, one of the major assumption of contingency theory is that the better the fit among various contingency variables the better performance of the organization. Furthermore, this theory claims that there is a fit between strategic variables and use of IT and this positively affects the performance of information system (Croteau and Raymond, 2004). Tackling Design Anew: Getting Back to the Heart of Organizational Theory This article mainly focuses on the importance of organization design, and according to contingency theory, every relevant axis of an organization needs to be present in the organization design (Greenwood and Miller, 2010). Moreover, contingency theory suggests that the size of an organization and its geographical cover leads to the

Management Theories Essay Example for Free

Management Theories Essay There are many different management theories that have been developed throughout the years in order to aid individuals within management roles. Even though some of these theories were developed years ago they can still be relevant in today’s society. One of these theories is The Administrative Approach Theory. The purpose of this paper is to explore why this theory can be considered a universal historical theory, the positive and negative aspects of this theory and how one of the management theories can be applied to an organization. Universal Historical Theory After reading through the historical management theories the writer feels that the Administrative Approach, developed by Fayol, can be considered the most universal and can be applicable in today’s business market. This is because unlike some of the other theories this theory focuses on the entire organization (Daft, 2010). This theory is made up of fourteen principles: Division of work, delegation of authority, discipline, chain of commands, congenial workplace, interrelation between individual interests and common organizational goals, compensation package, centralization, scalar chains, order, equity, job guarantee, initiatives and team spirit (FAO, 2013). â€Å"Fayol stressed the importance and the practice of forecasting and planning in order to apply these ideas and techniques† (Boundless, 2013 , para. 10). Advantages and Disadvantages As with any theory there are always some positive as well as negative aspects to it. One positive aspect of this theory is that since there is a division of work this can increase productivity not only in managerial work but also technical work (FAO, 2013). Another advantage is that since this theory believes in unity of command employees only have to report to one superior. By doing this, employees only take orders from one individual and therefor this limits the amount of confusion that can come about when multiple people are giving orders. A disadvantage to this theory is that since it is management oriented â€Å"it does not give much attention to the problems of the workers† (Akrani, 2013, para. 8). This can lead to the employees feeling under privileged and may increase job dissatisfaction. This theory is also very mechanical. Meaning that it does not deal with important things such as motivation, communication and leading (Akrani, 2013). Communication is very important in every organization so the writer feels that this is considered a negative aspect of this theory. Systems Theory The writer feels that the Systems Theory can be applied to her current work setting. This theory focuses on open and closed systems that interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal (Daft, 2010). Working within a hospital environment the organization is working towards a common goal of eliminating cancer. Since there are so many different systems that can affect this goal such as number of patients, money, resources, time, staff etc. it is important that management have a more systemic way of thinking and running their departments. Within the writers department when patients are seen in the clinic they generate money, this money can then be used to support and improve cancer research which therefore gets the organization one step closer to eliminating cancer. Conclusion Even though there are many different management theories available to help aid managers there are some that are more relevant than others. This paper looked at the Administrative Theory and how it can be applied universally. It also discussed how the Systems Theory can be applied to the writer’s current organization. By applying the best matched management theory to one’s organization this can help build a successful and positive company.

Mariachi Music Essay -- Music Musical History Essays

Mariachi Music The origins of the word "mariachi" are not very clear. One theory, that the word came from the French word for marriage has been totally discounted. Many historians believed that the word originated when a Frenchman named Maximillian was the emperor of Mexico. Evidence of the usage of the word dates back much earlier than the arrival of Europeans, so the word had to come from somewhere else. Another theory states that the origin came from the name of the wood used to make the guitars or platforms on which the musicians performed. The most recent theory, however, dates the word back to the early 1500’s to the Coca Indian word for a musician (Ruiz, 2002). Today, the term mariachi refers to the musicians who play traditional Mexican music on streets, at celebrations, and in cafes. The history of the mariachi can be traced back to the sixteenth century and the days of the Spanish colonization. During this time, theatre was immensely popular. The instruments used in these theatrical productions included violins, guitars, and harps. It was to this time, and to these instruments, that the origins of the modern mariachi can be traced (Mexico, The Melting of Two Cultures, 1991). The modern mariachi ensemble originated in the Mexican state of Jalisco where traveling groups of musicians would play for hire in haciendas. During the Mexican Revolution which began in 1910, they were unable to perform in the haciendas as they had in the past and were forced to travel from town to town singing about, and thus carrying news about, the war. During this time, they would play for fees at celebrations or for tips in public squares and cafes (Collins, 2004). After the revolution, the music of the mariachi became a symbo... ...y.html. Mackey, C. Mucho Mariachi. Americas. (English edition). Washington: Jan 1996. Vol. 48, Iss. 1; pg. 2, 2 pgs. Mariachi History. El Mariachi.com. 2004. On-Line. Internet. http://www.elmariachi.com/library/history.asp. Mexico, The Melting of Two Cultures. Higgins and Associates. 1991. New York, NY. Ruiz, R. Mariachi – An Evolving Mexican Tradition. La Prensa. San Antonio: Dec 1, 2002. Vol. XIV, Iss. 22; pg. 8B. Sharp, J. Mariachi: From the Heart of Mexico. DesertUSA. 2004. On-Line. Internet. http://www.desertusa.com/mag04/apr/mar.html. AUDIO EXAMPLES REFERENCED Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"Guadalajara†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997. Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"La Negra†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997. Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"Las Maà ±anitas†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997. Mariachi Music Essay -- Music Musical History Essays Mariachi Music The origins of the word "mariachi" are not very clear. One theory, that the word came from the French word for marriage has been totally discounted. Many historians believed that the word originated when a Frenchman named Maximillian was the emperor of Mexico. Evidence of the usage of the word dates back much earlier than the arrival of Europeans, so the word had to come from somewhere else. Another theory states that the origin came from the name of the wood used to make the guitars or platforms on which the musicians performed. The most recent theory, however, dates the word back to the early 1500’s to the Coca Indian word for a musician (Ruiz, 2002). Today, the term mariachi refers to the musicians who play traditional Mexican music on streets, at celebrations, and in cafes. The history of the mariachi can be traced back to the sixteenth century and the days of the Spanish colonization. During this time, theatre was immensely popular. The instruments used in these theatrical productions included violins, guitars, and harps. It was to this time, and to these instruments, that the origins of the modern mariachi can be traced (Mexico, The Melting of Two Cultures, 1991). The modern mariachi ensemble originated in the Mexican state of Jalisco where traveling groups of musicians would play for hire in haciendas. During the Mexican Revolution which began in 1910, they were unable to perform in the haciendas as they had in the past and were forced to travel from town to town singing about, and thus carrying news about, the war. During this time, they would play for fees at celebrations or for tips in public squares and cafes (Collins, 2004). After the revolution, the music of the mariachi became a symbo... ...y.html. Mackey, C. Mucho Mariachi. Americas. (English edition). Washington: Jan 1996. Vol. 48, Iss. 1; pg. 2, 2 pgs. Mariachi History. El Mariachi.com. 2004. On-Line. Internet. http://www.elmariachi.com/library/history.asp. Mexico, The Melting of Two Cultures. Higgins and Associates. 1991. New York, NY. Ruiz, R. Mariachi – An Evolving Mexican Tradition. La Prensa. San Antonio: Dec 1, 2002. Vol. XIV, Iss. 22; pg. 8B. Sharp, J. Mariachi: From the Heart of Mexico. DesertUSA. 2004. On-Line. Internet. http://www.desertusa.com/mag04/apr/mar.html. AUDIO EXAMPLES REFERENCED Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"Guadalajara†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997. Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"La Negra†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997. Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan. â€Å"Las Maà ±anitas†. Serie Platino: 20 Exitos. U.S. Latin. 1997.

How is 1984 terrifying? Essay

This brings in the relationships between Winston and Oi Brien. At first, they seem to have taken to each other, but in the end we find out that Oi Brien double-crossed Winston and that he couldni t trust someone he thought was his friend. The party did not want people to trust or have feelings for one another. A perfect example is, in the ministry of love, where a chinless man dropped a piece of bread for a starving fellow inmate. The man (who dropped the bread) was immediately punished, by being beaten until he bled. A normal person, in the ‘starving inmatei s positioni would have felt indebted to the man, as he was punished for trying to feed him, but moments after guards came in to take the inmate who was given the bread immediately betrayed the man who gave him the bread. Telling the guards to take him (chinless) to room 101 instead. This would have surely pleased Big Brother, as the eradication of friendship would be the partyi s main goal. When the request was not replied, the man pleaded that they rather slit throat of his wife and all his children than send him to room 101. This man was betraying his own family members. This would have pleased Big Brother. People came to the conclusion that one could not trust anybody in fear that they would report them to the thought police, where one would be vaporised. This was true when dealing with peoplei s families. In the ministry of love when Winston meets Parson who tells him how his daughter betrayed him when she heard him talking of overthrowing the party in his sleep. Other families were destroyed by the loss of respect between parents and children. People were refusing to obey their parents, as Big Brother encouraged them to do. The relationships between lovers were also controlled by the party, as they annihilate all the pleasures and desires of having sex and even promote artificial insemination. The party did not like sex as when two people share the experience they begin to love each other. The party then begins to put negative thought behind the idea of sex. This is illustrated during the two minutes that Winston describes Julia as â€Å"sexless†. During the relationship, Julia and Winston have to meet in secret. When they meet in secret from directions passed to each other on a note, so the prying eyes of the Telescreen do not catch them. This is particularly scary as nowadays, love is seen as a beautiful thing, not a secret affair. The last and final terrifying aspect of â€Å"nineteen eighty-four†, is the idea of all the power that Big Brother holds. Big Brother is a dictator with so much power that he is able to make people love him and fear him all at the same time. He controls them. The most dangerous thing about it is that Orwell does not really tell us whether or not Big Brother exists as he is Hitler, Stalin and Lenin all rolled into one, this time unstoppable, making it more real to readers as these are real people. Orwell believed that there would be a communist leader that would practise capitalism and still rule. This is exactly what Big Brother did. Orwell blends the terrifying aspects that the people experienced of communism and capitalism in his portrayal of Big brotheri s totalitarianism. Orwell describes the situation of the people in great detail when he wrote the description of the lives led by the people. Although the conditions were very poor, The party convinced people conditions fourty years ago, conditions were worse and that Big Brother was improving things. ‘Day and night, the Telescreen bruised peoplei s ears with news and information of how [people] were better off than people fourty years ago. i Because of all this propaganda making Big Brother seem like a God, Big Brother was able to scare people into hating the people that were a threat to the party. People like Goldstein. This was the reason of the two minutes hate. The two-minute hate was another example of the lack of individuality. Every party member was forced to take part. During the two minutes hate, people were watched for signs of â€Å"Unorthodox behaviour. † In the event, Winston sees Julia. He then has fantasies about her. These fantasies, although full of hateful thoughts, illustrate the passion he feels for her, but the fact that he thinks of being with her in these horrible scenarios, shows the way that Big Brother is able to control feelings. What I mean is when one person lusts after another, they have fantasies of being together in a place they would describe as paradise. They do not want to rape them in horrific scenes. The amount of passion he feels for Julia makes him want to be with her, but because he cani t, he has built up anger and hatred inside him. The picture of Goldstein shown in these two minutes, conjures up hate for the people. This is important, as people like Goldstein and his followers, the proles, were the biggest threat to the party. The people saw the proles as outcasts and propaganda made the people hate them. This is similar to the propaganda Hitler used against the Jews in the late 1930i s, so the people are able to relate. It was easy for Big Brother to make the people do this, as the people could not remember what life was like without a ruler (like Big Brother) to tell them what to do. Big Brother eliminated the past by destroying records and rewrote it. People, especially party members could not have memories. They were completely under Big Brotheri s control. In conclusion there are many terrifying aspects, but none more terrifying than the other is. Each is terrifying in iti s own way and all point to the fact that most of these things did, could have, and could still happen. Orwell realised this and that inspired him to write an ‘account of the futurei which is what â€Å"nineteen eighty-four† was to him and others living in 1949. Although terrifying now, these things would have been more terrifying in 1949, because, the things Orwell described had happened to them in some form. For example, the threats of labour camps, them being told that the Jews (Goldstein) were the enemy, capitalist dictatorship. So this book would have been the terrifying reality to the people of that time. At the time this novel was written, the Russian revolution and World War II was the reality and these things were happening in Russia. So in answer to the question, this novel would have been much more terrifying in 1949, because to them this book was real life.

Organizational Behavior, Mintzbergs Managers

Introduction The theory our group will be discussing and explaining in depth is the leadership styles of top management using Mintzberg’s managerial roles. Mintzerg named ten different roles, all separated into three categories. The first category is interpersonal. This includes figurehead, leader, and liason. The second category is informational which includes monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. The last category is decisional which includes entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.These roles are all used in the leadership styles of top management and we will find throughout research which roles are most frequently used and which seem to be the most effective. We have selected five companies in which we will research and in turn, be able to apply Mintzberg’s roles to each company individually. Our company selection includes Nokia, Walt Disney, Apple, Microsoft, and city utilities. We look forward to researching these companies and fin ding exactly which roles are most important to each company specifically, as well as comparatively.Theoretical Identification Mintzberg’s managerial roles are categorized into ten different roles, separated into three categories. The liaison role is under the category interpersonal roles, and it focuses on the manager’s interpersonal work with people that are not a part of his/her own organization. It describes the information and communication that is obligated by a manager, for example that the manager must create networks and engage in information exchange via trade shows, joining boards of directors to gain access to more knowledge.A successful liaison would be networking with the right amount of people in the right circles so that they also would be either a step ahead of their competitors, or at least up to date with the right knowledge. The monitor role is under informational roles, and it focuses on regularly seeking information related to the organization and industry to look for changes that are relevant to the companies’ environment. This is important to the company and to its employees who value being able to adapt to changes that happen in their environment as well.It is also the monitor’s role to be the one to monitor the team in terms of productivity and the team’s well -being to make sure that they always have productive and satisfied employees. Figurehead is considered a symbol, but is required to perform a number of routine duties of a legal or social nature. The figurehead is not always considered a decision maker within a company. Steve Jobs was a perfect example of someone who made business decision, but he was also considered someone that represented the company socially.The other form of figurehead could be Ronald McDonald representing McDonalds, but he has no authority in business decisions. Figureheads are important in helping sell the brand as well as creating a positive image. Figurehead performs ce remonial and symbolic duties. Figureheads are crucial in a company for the brand name, and how they can help build a company. Leader is responsible for the motivation and direction of employees. Every company will have leaders throughout all levels of the company. You will have someone at upper level, middle level and lower level management.Upper level management has someone leading sometimes through board of directors or CEO. Middle Management has a manager in charge of lower level. A leader cannot be taught, but it is a person who has always been a natural born leader. Leaders will direct and motivate subordinates, train, advice and influence. These tasks are crucial in keeping the company flowing smoothly and keeping the product moving out the door. Leaders are crucial in deciding tasks to elevate the company. They are making decisions that the everyday employee has no control over.The disseminator and spokesperson roles, classified under the informational category, are closely r elated. The disseminator role refers to the manager who takes information received from outsiders or employees, and shares it with upper level members of the organization. The spokesperson role takes information from inside the organization and relates it to the public. Good disseminators and spokespersons need to have good communication skills in order to interact with company heads as well as the public.A successful spokesperson needs to be able to speak during conferences with confidence and also be able to maintain a consistent relationship with the media. If a manager is both a spokesperson and disseminator, they are excellent in communicating both inside and outside of the company. The decisional category includes four roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. The entrepreneur role is one in which managers take initiative and seek out opportunities that will both benefit the organization as well as create innovation. These managers work on m ajor rojects and are proactive in accomplishing goals as well as bettering the organization. The disturbance handler role refers to managers who are responsible in taking action when problems or disturbances occur. Every organization faces conflict, most of which are sudden and unexpected. The disturbance handler steps in to handle this conflict and attempts to resolve and correct the problem so that the organization can continue successfully. Organizations Identification/ Introduction and Descriptions Disney The Disney Company was founded by its namesake Walt Disney on October 16, 1923.In 1923, Walt Disney left his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri on his way to California with a cartoon of a little girl in a cartoon world called Alice’s Wonderland (Disney). Disney decided to use his cartoon to make some Alice Comedies which first made him successful with his brother, Roy. The Disney Company’s original name in 1923 was Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio which then changed to Walt Disney Studios at the request of Disney’s brother (Disney). After a few years Disney decided to transition to an all cartoon show Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and he made his first business mistake.When he went to his distributor for more money for a second season of the cartoon he realized the distributor sold the rights to a studio who made the cartoons for a cheaper price and that upon further review of his contract he did not own the rights to Oswald the distributor did. However, this was probably a great error because right after this incident Disney created Mickey Mouse, the figurehead for the Disney Company. According to Mintzberg’s managerial role not only is Mickey the figurehead of Disney but so is Walt Disney himself.The Disney Company has expanded greatly over the last 80 years since the company was started by Walt Disney and his brother. The company has moved from cartoons to feature films, amusement parks, merchandise and even Broadway. Walt Disney di ed December 15, 1966 and the company continued with his brother Roy who followed plans Disney left behind (Disney). Once again the Disney Company was not satisfied with its success and decided they should make another theme park on the east coast called Disney World, which opened October 1, 1971. Roy Disney who ran Disney after the death of his rother died in 1971, the company was run for the next decade by people trained by the Disney brothers. The community of tomorrow or EPCOT was one of Disney’s last ideas and it was realized in the larger Disney World Park. The now CEO, Robert Iger, showed that he had what it takes to lead such an innovative company. He became the Disney Company CEO in 2005 and after that the companies stock jumped 42% (Steptoe). In 2007, he increased the fiscal profits almost 80% over the previous year to 2. 63 billion dollars (Steptoe). Disney is one of the most innovated and widely diverse companies around the world.Toyota Toyota joined the automobile industry in 1936 based out of Japan. Toyota has always been a top tier automobile company that has top of the line manufacturing. Toyota will continue to stay top of the line in automobiles with cars such as the Hybrid. The Hybrid has revolutionized the automobile industry to new heights, and that is owed to the management team who has had their struggles. It was large news not too long ago about Toyota recalling several cars, because the accelerator was sticking. The severity cannot be explained in this paper for people involved with this scenario.Mintzberg’s managerial roles might not be the direct idea companies are using, but they are being used by everyone in certain situations. Mintzberg has ten managerial roles divided into three categories of informational, interpersonal and decisional. The crisis Toyota dealt with for the last several years heavily involved the category, decisional. The start was with interpersonal and the leaders to make a decision to go public wit h their apology. It does not make the public happy for the current situation, but it lets the public no Toyota realizes they made a mistake.The leader also had to make some large cuts within the company to show they realized the mistake. The leader also had to motivate employees, so they did not have another lapse that would ruin Toyota. The decisional aspects consume of disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. The negotiator had to deal with all the complaints, and they had to negotiate all the lawsuits aimed at Toyota. The negotiator did pretty well by taking a small hit in the large scheme of the company. They were able to find settlements for over half the cases dealing with the incidents.It took years to uncover a lot of these settlements, but Toyota was willing to take that hit to rebuild the brand name to its original strength. The other two decisional roles are disturbance handler and resource allocator. The disturbance handler is someone who takes corrective action in a crisis and solves problems at hand. This could have been the ending result of Toyota with so many lives in jeopardy, but this person dealt with the problem by confronting it head on. They took the approach of no excuses, and making it publicly none of the problem and recalling the vehicles.It was going to take a hit for taking blame in such large failure of automobiles, but it would save their image in the long run. The resource allocator was in charge of dealing with the issues inside the vehicle to make sure no problem occurs like this again. Toyota continues to bounce back by having top of the line vehicles with minimal complaints. The resource allocator has seemed to done their job in fixing the problem with newly acquired resources. Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington.The company develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services that’s related to electr onics and software. Microsoft is also one of the world's most valuable companies. As of 2012, Microsoft is a market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets. It was founded on April 4, 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Paul Allen was born in Seattle, Washington, Allen attended Lakeside School, a private school in Seattle, and befriended Bill Gates, who was almost three years younger and shared a common enthusiasm for computers. Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. nd Mary Maxwell Gates. Gates father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. Gates joined Paul Allen at Honeywell during the summer of 1974. The following year they saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time and that was the start of Microsoft Corporation.Bill Gates management style was very different. Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006; Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that â€Å"Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls. As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Accounts of these meetings described him as verbally combative and they were worried about the long term agreement with the company because of the way Bill Gates operated things, he was for example very known for the way he would interrupt presentations and be rude and harsh. Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. Microsoft has a top 12 over their management style which is: Total World Domination The Top Five PercentMicrosoft rigorously attempts to hire only the smartest people, those who are within the smartest 5% of the total population. Bet the Company Winning in the game of business is about being willing to make bets at good odds. Require Failure At most companies, to succeed is good, but to fail is unacceptable. This type of policy means that, as a risk/reward scenario, the risk of failure vastly exceeds the reward of success. Managers Are Qualified At Microsoft, the most important qualification for a manager is expertise in the functional area over which (s)he is managing Perform, Perform, PerformPerformance is all that matters at Microsoft, so mu ch so that excuses are flat-out irrelevant â€Å"Shrimp vs. Weenies† Even with its billions upon billions in cash, Microsoft is as frugal as Ebeneezer Scrooge. It's a company that buys canned weenies for food, not shrimp. Commander Steve Ballmer flew coach. (For scheduling Size Does Matter Bill is Watching Esprit de Corps Again alluding to Microsoft being less like a big company than it appears, Thielen asserts that Microsoft has esprit de corps like that of a start-up where everyone involved is focused on a common goal.Stop the Insanity The plague of most big companies is bureaucracy and stupid rules. Home Away From Home Microsoft has a simple way of maximizing its employees' productivity: It allows each individual's office to be as individualized as one desires. Nokia Nokia was founded in 1865 by a man named Fredrik Idestam. He set up two paper mills on the banks of rivers in Finland, the second one on the Nokianvirta River. This is where he came up with the name we all kno w, Nokia. It is ironic that Nokia began by making paper, one of the most important communication tools in history.The first step Nokia took towards the technology industry was in 1912 when Arvid Wickstrom set up Finnish Cable Works. They worked closely with Nokia and in 1962 they created their first electronic device, a pulse analyzer for nuclear power plants. In 1963 Nokia started developing products for the army and shortly after became the biggest computer brand in Finland and the third largest TV manufacturer in Europe. Throughout Nokia’s history there is a trend of innovation and entrepreneurial thinking from its managers.In 1991, the Finnish Prime Minister made the world’s first GSM phone call using a Nokia device. The Nokia President and CEO at the time, Jorma Ollila, decided to focus exclusively on manufacturing mobile phones and telecommunication. This marks the beginning of the Nokia Company that we all know to date. With its aggressive grown strategy and foc us on mobile communication Nokia quickly became the largest mobile communications company in the world. More recently, Nokia has been making many changes due to the increase in competitors in the smart phone market.Fresh blood was brought into management when Stephen Elop was appointed the new President and CEO. He has a history of being a top decisional manager according to Mintzberg’s managerial roles. His job is to keep up with the changing industry and stay competitive in the smartphone market that has been dominated by apple in recent years. In the few years that Elop has been CEO he has made further changes to the management team of the organization. A new vice president of operations has been appointed along with new vice presidents of sales & marketing, mobile phones, and communications.Elop is clearly taking action to make up some of the market share lost to apple in the past years. Apple Apple, a multinational and billion dollar company, was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. It was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak. Apple is best known for the Mac line of computers, the iPod, the iPad, and the iPhone. It is the world’s largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia and was named the most admired company in the United States in 2008 and in the world from 2008 to 2012.The Apple market cap is larger than that of Google and Microsoft combined and its worldwide revenue totaled $156 billion in 2012. Apple uses Mintzberg’s managerial roles throughout its corporation to function on a daily basis. Application and Analysis/ Relationships and Inconsistencies Apple While there are many similarities as well as inconsistencies between Apple and Mintzberg’s managerial roles, I find there to be mostly positive relationships between this organization and our topic. The strongest role that Apple focuses on is the leadership role.M intzberg described leading as motivation, direction, and communication from managers to their employees in an effective manner. Steve Jobs was the soul of Apple and his leadership skills and qualities lead this company to extreme success. He was an innovator who focused not only on the needs of the stakeholders, but also on how the organization could reinvent or create new products, markets, customers, and services. Job’s leadership skills followed Mintzberg’s definition of leadership precisely.Along with the similarities of Apple and our topic come inconsistencies. The main inconsistency I found was Apples ability to use Mintzberg’s disturbance handler role effectively. Mintzberg describes this role as the one to take corrective action when the organization faces important, yet unexpected disturbances. Apple has faced many challenges and crossroads in its past and many of these were not solved in the best of manners. A stronger decisional role, such as the dist urbance handler, may have made such challenges easier to handle.Mintzberg’s managerial roles are important and used within all organizations and relationships, both positive and negative, are present. Disney The Disney Company is most well known for its figurehead Mickey Mouse an important role according to Mintzberg. Disney utilizes the figurehead role in a positive way to influence the company and the fans. The Disney Company continued to gain in success after the creation of Mickey Mouse when they realized that they could make more money by selling Mickey merchandise. Then they moved on the first Mickey book and comic strip.In 1934, Disney decided to break into the animated feature films starting with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Snow White was a huge success and was the highest grossing film of all time until it was surpassed by Gone with the Wind (Disney). Walt Disney knew that his cartoons were successful but the future of his company was in the feature films where he continued to be successful but eventually wanted to expand his company again. This time he moved to amusement parks and Disneyland was opened on July 17, 1955, which fans later called theme parks (Disney).In the 1950’s Disney came out with movies like 20,000 Leagues Under the sea and perhaps the finest culmination of his career Mary Poppins (Disney). According to Mintzberg’s roles, Disney was a great leader by not only running a successful company but by influencing the grand expansion of his company from cartoons to films, amusement parks, and even Broadway. He also knew how to inspire and teach his young proteges how to be good leaders and entrepreneurs. After Disney’s death, the new group of leaders decided to keep the Disney expansion going by building a Disney theme park in Tokyo, the first international theme park.In the 1980’s the new management team began the realization of Disney’s own cable network, The Disney Channel. Over the next tw enty years Disney expanded their movie, television, and theme park networks. In 1994, Disney moved to Broadway with their production of Beauty and the Beast (Disney). In 2005, Robert Iger became the CEO of Disney and he is still the CEO today. Many people were skeptical because Iger was a weatherman who had worked himself up the ranks and was now the leader of a large company (Steptoe).However, Iger showed that he could be a great leader like Walt Disney and it was Iger who changed Disney into a technologically savvy company. Iger proved his business smarts by meeting with Steve Jobs the Apple and Pixar chief executive and Disney bought Pixar in 2006 for $7. 4 billion (Steptoe). Robert Iger uses Mintzberg’s role of negotiator in a positive way by making a deal with Steve Jobs for Pixar which really helped expand Disney’s company and increase their profits. Iger uses a laid back management style different from his predecessor and encourages the senior executives to entr epreneurial.The hardest roles of Mintzberg’s to see if they are being utilized by Disney are the informational ones, monitor and disseminator because it is hard to tell if Iger is good at the interoffice communication. Disney has been a thriving company for almost 80 years, starting with cartoons and blossoming into a company with diverse roots in television, movies, theme parks, and Broadway. The Disney Company utilizes the entrepreneur role positively throughout the company’s history from Walt Disney all the way to the leaders of the company today.Implications and Conclusions The concept of Mintzberg’s managerial roles is one that is used throughout every organization on a daily basis. The roles that Mintzberg describe are crucial to the success of any organization and they directly relate to the real world. These roles, although unique in their own, come together to form a single working unit that creates effective and productive employees. Without the knowle dge of Mintzberg’s managerial roles, organizations will struggle to understand how to work together as well as how to form a useful system for success.While learning about Mintzberg’s managerial roles, our group retained information that will further help our understanding when working in an organization. We studied three important categories: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. It is important to be able to distinguish the differences in these categories and to be able to see the significance of each. Each individual role plays an important part in the success of an organization. The more organizations focus on these roles and allocate them to their employees, the more successful and organized they will be.